April

Listed below by calendar day is a list of important events and people in US and world history.

April Page Wiki Guidelines: ** 1865 ** - During the U.S. Civil War, Confederate troops of Gen. George Pickett were defeated and cut off at Five Forks, Virginia. This sealed the fate of Gen. Robert E. Lee's armies at Petersburg and Richmond and hastened the end of the war. 1933 - Nazi Germany began persecuting Jews with a boycott of Jewish-owned businesses. 1960 - The first true weather satellite, TIROS-1 was launched from Cape Canaveral. **April 2** ** 1513 ** - Spanish explorer Ponce De Leon sighted Florida and claimed it for the Spanish Crown after landing at the site of present day St. Augustine, now the oldest city in the continental U.S. 1917 - President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare was against Germany, saying "The world must be made safe for democracy." (Congress declared war four days later.)
 * Feel free to add important events that you feel are missing.
 * Add any lesson plans in PDF format regarding an important event or person under the appropriate date
 * April 1**
 * 1998 ** - A federal judge in Little Rock, Arkansas, dismissed a sexual harassment case against President Bill Clinton, stating the case has no "genuine issues" worthy of trial. A former Arkansas state employee had claimed that in 1991 then-Governor Clinton asked her for sex in a Little Rock hotel room and charged that Clinton's actions amounted to sexual harassment. President Clinton denied any wrongdoing. A unanimous ruling by the U.S. Supreme in May of 1997 allowed the case to precede against President Clinton, thus establishing a precedent allowing sitting presidents to be sued for personal conduct that occurred before taking office. In 1982, the Court had ruled that a president cannot be sued for civil damages for carrying out official duties - as a result of a suit brought against President Richard Nixon by a fired Air Force manager.
 * 1792 ** - Congress established the first U.S. Mint at Philadelphia.
 * 1863 ** - A bread riot occurs in the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, as angry people demanded bread from a bakery wagon then wrecked nearby shops. The mob dispersed only after Confederate President Jefferson Davis made a personal plea and threatened to use force.
 * 1865 ** - Gen. Robert E. Lee informed Confederate President Jefferson Davis that he must evacuate the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. Davis and his cabinet then fled by train.
 * 1982 ** - The beginning of the Falkland Islands War as troops from Argentina invaded and occupied the British colony located near the tip of South America. The British retaliated and defeat the Argentineans on June 15, 1982, after ten weeks of combat, with about 1,000 lives lost.
 * Birthday ** - French writer Emile Zola (1840-1902) was born in Paris. His works included a series of 20 books known as the //Rougon-Macquart Novels// in which he defined men and women as products of heredity and environment, portraying them as victims of their own passions and circumstances of birth. In his later years, he became involved in resolving the Dreyfus affair, a political-military scandal in which Captain Alfred Dreyfus was wrongly accused of selling military secrets to the Germans and sent to Devil's Island.

**April 3**

1882 - Outlaw Jesse James was shot to death in St. Joseph, Mo., by Robert Ford, a member of James' gang. 2009 - The Iowa Supreme Court unanimously legalized gay marraige.
 * 1860 ** - In the American West, the Pony Express service began as the first rider departed St. Joseph, Missouri. For $5 an ounce, letters were delivered 2,000 miles to California within ten days. The famed Pony Express riders each rode from 75 to 100 miles before handing off to the next rider. There were a total of 190 way stations located about 15 miles apart. The service lasted less than two years until the completion of the overland telegraph.
 * 1865 ** - The Confederate capital of Richmond surrendered to Union forces after the withdrawal of Gen. Robert E. Lee's troops.
 * 1944 ** - The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 8 to 1 that African Americans can not be barred from voting in the Texas Democratic primaries. The Court stated that discrimination against blacks violates the 15th Amendment and that political parties are not private associations.
 * 1948 ** - President Harry S. Truman signs the European Recovery Program, better known as the Marshall Plan, to stop the spread of Communism and restore the economic life of European countries devastated by World War II. Over four years, the program distributed $12 billion to the nations of Western Europe. The program was first proposed by Secretary of State George C. Marshall during a historic speech at Harvard University on June 5, 1947.
 * 1995 ** - Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor became the first woman to preside over the Court, sitting in for Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist who was out of town.
 * Birthday ** - American writer Washington Irving (1783-1859) was born in New York City. His works included; //Rip Van Winkle//, //The Legend of Sleepy// //Hollow// and historical biographies such as the //Life of Washington//.
 * Birthday ** - Tammany Hall 'Boss' William M. Tweed (1823-1878) was born in New York City. From 1851 to 1871, his 'Tweed Ring' of political corruption looted millions from New York City, bringing the city to the verge of bankruptcy. Methods included padding city bills by 85 percent and writing checks to non-existent persons and companies. His power was broken after a series of critical editorial cartoons by Thomas Nast were published in //Harper's Weekly// magazine. Tweed was arrested and convicted on charges of larceny and forgery. He died in prison.

**April 4**


 * 1818 -** Congress decided the flag of the United States would consist of 13 red and white stripes and 20 stars, with a new star to be added for every new state of the Union.
 * 1887** - The first woman mayor was elected in the U.S. as Susanna M. Salter became mayor of Argonia, Kansas.
 * 1949 ** - Twelve nations signed the treaty creating NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The nations united for common military defense against the threat of Soviet expansion in Western Europe.
 * 1968 ** - Civil Rights leader Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King was shot and killed by a sniper in Memphis, Tennessee. As head of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, he championed non-violent resistance to end racial oppression and had been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. He is best remembered for his //I Have a Dream// speech delivered at the 1963 Civil Rights March on Washington. That march and King's other efforts helped the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In 1986, Congress established the third Monday in January as a national holiday in his honor.
 * Birthday ** - American social reformer Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) was born in Hampden, Maine. She founded a home for girls in Boston while only in her teens and later crusaded for humane conditions in jails and insane asylums. During the U.S. Civil War, she was superintendent of women nurses.
 * Birthday ** - Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto (1884-1943) was born in Nagaoko, Honshu. He was the main strategist behind the failed Japanese attack on Midway Island in June of 1942, which turned the course of the war against Japan. He was killed on April 18, 1943, after Americans intercepted radio reports of his whereabouts and shot down his plane.

**April 5**


 * 1614 -** Pocahontas, daughter of the leader of the Powhatan tribe, married English colonist John Rolfe in Virginia ( a convert to Christianity, she went by the name Lady Rebecca).
 * 1621** - The Mayflower sailed from Plymouth Colony in present-day Massachusets on a month-long return trip to England.
 * 1792** - George Washington cast the first presidential veto, rejecting a congressional measure for apportioning representatives in the United States.
 * 1887** - In Tuscumbia, Ala., teacher Anne Sullivan achieved a breakthrough as her blind and deaf pupil, Helen Keller, learned the meaning of the word "water" as spelled out in the Manual Alphabet.
 * 1895** - Oscar Wilde lost his criminal libel case against the Marquess of Quennsberry, who accused the writer of homosexual practices.
 * 1951** - Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were sentenced to death following their conviction in New York on charges of conspiring to commit espionage for the Soviet Union.
 * 1976** - Reclusive billionaire Howard Hughes died in Houston at age 70.
 * 1986** - A bomb exploded at a popular discotheque frequented by American military personnel in West Berlin, killing two U.S. soldiers and a Turkish woman. U.S. intelligence attributed the attack to Muammar al-Qaddafi of Libya. On April 14, President Reagan ordered a retaliatory air strike against Libya.
 * Birthday ** - African American educator Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) was born a slave in Franklin County, Virginia. Freed by the Civil War, he taught himself the alphabet and eventually graduated from an agricultural institute. In June of 1881, he was asked to become the principal of a new training school for blacks at Tuskegee, Alabama. The Tuskegee Institute began in single building with 30 students but through his efforts grew into a modern university.

**April 6**

1909 - American explorers Robert E. Peary and Matthew A. Henson and four Inuits became the first men to reach the North Pole.
 * 1896 ** - After a break of 1500 years, the first Olympics of the modern era was held in Athens, Greece.
 * 1917 ** - Following a vote by Congress approving a declaration of war, the U.S. entered World War I in Europe.
 * 1994 ** - The beginning of genocide in Rwanda as a plane carrying the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi was shot down. They had been meeting to discuss ways of ending ethnic rivalries between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes. After their deaths, Rwanda descended into chaos, resulting in genocidal conflict between the tribes. Over 500,000 persons were killed with two million fleeing the country.
 * Birthday ** - Renaissance artist Raphael (1483-1520) was born in Urbino, Italy. He created some of the world's greatest masterpieces including 300 pictures with a Madonna theme. He died on his 37th birthday in Rome.

**April 7**


 * 1199 -** King Richard I of England (also known as the Lion Heart) died in the Limousin region of France at age 41 after being mortally wounded by an arrow.
 * 1712** - In New York City, 27 black slaves rebelled, shooting nine whites as they attempted to put out a fire started by the slaves. The state militia was called out to capture the rebels. Twenty one blacks were executed and six committed suicide.
 * 1927** - The image and voice of Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover were transmitted live from Washington to New York in the first successful long-distance demonstration of television.

**April 8**

**Budda's Birthday** - Among Buddhists, celebrated as the birthday of Buddha (563-483 B.C.). An estimated 350 millions persons currently profess the Buddhist faith. 1974 - Hank Aaron of the Atlanta Braves hit his 715th career home run in a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers, breaking Babe Ruth's record.
 * 1513 -** Explorer Juan Ponce de Leon and his expedition began exploring the Florida coastline.
 * 1952** - President Harry S. Truman seized control of America's steel mills to prevent a shutdown by strikers. However, on April 29, the seizure was ruled unconstitutional by a U.S. District Court. Workers immediately began a strike lasting 53 days, ending it when they received a 16 cents per hour wage increase and additional benefits.
 * 1913 ** - The 17th Amendment[|t] to the U.S. Constitution was ratified requiring direct popular election of U.S. senators. Previously, they had been chosen by state legislatures.
 * 1990 ** - Ryan White died at age 18 of complications from AIDS. As a young boy, White, a hemophiliac, contracted Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome from a blood transfusion. At age ten, he was banned from school. He then moved with his mother to Cicero, Indiana, where he was accepted by the students. As his plight was publicized, he gained international celebrity status and helped promote understanding of the dreaded disease.

**April 9**


 * 1865 ** - After 500,000 American deaths, the U.S. Civil War effectively ended as Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in the village of Appomattox Court House. The surrender occurred in the home of Wilmer McLean. Terms of surrender, written by Gen. Grant, allowed Confederates to keep their horses and return home. Officers were allowed to keep their swords and side arms.
 * 1866 ** - Despite a veto by President Andrew Johnson, the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 was passed by Congress granting blacks the rights and privileges of U.S. citizenship.
 * 1942 ** - American and Philippine defenders on Bataan capitulated to Japanese forces; the surrender was followed by the Bataan Death March, which claimed thousands of lives.
 * Birthday ** - African American actor and singer Paul Robeson (1898-1976) was born in Princeton, New Jersey. Best known for his performance in //The Emperor Jones,// he also enjoyed a long run on Broadway in Shakespeare's //Othello//. In 1950, amid anti-Communist hysteria, Robeson was denied a U.S. passport after refusing to sign an affidavit on whether he had ever been a member of the Communist Party.

**April 10**


 * 1912 -** The RMS Titantic set sail from Southampton, England, on its ill-fated maiden voyage.
 * 1942** - During World War II in the Pacific, the Bataan Death March began as American and Filipino prisoners were forced on a six day march from an airfield on Bataan to a camp near Cabanatuan. 76,000 Allied POWs including 12,000 Americans were forced to walk 60 miles under a blazing sun without food or water to the POW camp, resulting in over 5,000 American deaths.
 * 1945 ** - The Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald was liberated by U.S. troops. Located near Weimar in Germany, Buchenwald was established in July of 1937 to hold criminals and was one of the first major concentration camps. It later included Jews and homosexuals and was used as a slave labor center for nearby German companies. Of a total of 238,980 Buchenwald inmates, 56,545 perished. Following its liberation, Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, and other top U.S. commanders visited the subcamp at Ohrdruf. U.S. Troops also forced German civilians from nearby towns into the camp to view the carnage.
 * 1998 ** - Politicians in Northern Ireland reached an agreement aimed at ending 30 years of violence which had claimed over 3,400 lives. Under the agreement, Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland would govern together in a new 108-member Belfast assembly, thus ending 26 years of direct rule from London.
 * Birthday ** - Publisher Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911) was born in Budapest, Hungary. He came to America in 1864 and fought briefly in the Civil War for the Union. He then began a remarkable career in journalism and publishing. His newspapers included the //St. Louis Post-Dispatch// and the //New York World//. He also endowed the journalism school at Columbia University and established a fund for the Pulitzer Prizes, awarded annually for excellence in journalism.

**April 11**


 * 1814 -** Napolean Bonaparte abdicated as Emporer of the French and was banished to the island of Elba.
 * 1898** - As tensions with Spain continued to rise, President William McKinley asked Congress to authorize military intervention in Cuba.
 * 1945** - During World War II, American soldiers liberated the notorious Nazi concentration camp Buchenwald in Germany.
 * 1951** - President Harry S. Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur of his commands in the Far East.
 * 1968** - A week after the assassination of Martin Luther King, the Civil Rights Act of 1968 was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The law prohibited discrimination in housing, protected civil rights workers and expanded the rights of Native Americans.
 * 1970 ** - Apollo 13 was launched from Cape Kennedy at 2:13 p.m. Fifty six hours into the flight an oxygen tank exploded in the service module. Astronaut John L. Swigert saw a warning light that accompanied the bang and said, "Houston, we've had a problem here." wav 125K) Swigert, James A. Lovell and Fred W. Haise then transferred into the lunar module, using it as a "lifeboat" and began a perilous return trip to Earth, splashing down safely on April 17.
 * 1979** - Idi Amin was disposed as president of Uganda as rebels and exiles backed by Tanzanian forces seized control.
 * 1983 ** - Harold Washington became the first African American mayor of Chicago, receiving 51 percent of the vote. Re-elected in 1987, he suffered a fatal heart attack at his office seven months later.
 * Birthday ** - American orator Edward Everett (1794-1865) was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts. In 1863, at the dedication of the Gettysburg Battlefield, he delivered the main address, lasting two hours. He was then followed by President Abraham Lincoln who spoke for just about two minutes delivering the Gettysburg Address.

**April 12**

**Songkrat** - Thailand New Year and time to pay homage to Budda and respect to elders by sprinkling them with water April 12 to 15. **1861** - The U.S. Civil War began as Confederate troops under the command of Gen. Pierre Beauregard opened fire at 4:30 a.m. on [|Fort Sumter] in Charleston, South Carolina.
 * 1945 ** - President Franklin D. Roosevelt died suddenly at Warm Springs, Georgia. He had been President since March 4, 1933, elected to four consecutive terms and had guided America out of the Great Depression and through World War II.
 * 1955** - The Salk vaccine against polio was declared safe and effective.
 * 1961** - Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man to fly in space, orbiting the earth once before making a safe landing.
 * 1981 ** - The first space shuttle flight occurred with the launching of //Columbia// with astronauts John Young and Robert Crippen aboard. //Columbia// spent 54 hours in space, making 36 orbits, then landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California.

**April 13**


 * 1742 -** Handel's "Messiah" was first performed publicly, in Dublin, Ireland.
 * 1860** - The Pony Express completed its inaugural run from St. Joseph, Mo., to Sacramento in 10 days
 * Birthday** - Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) was born in Albermarle County, Virginia. He was an author, inventor, lawyer, politician, architect, and one of the finest minds of the 1700s. He authored the American Declaration of Independence and later served as the 3rd U.S. President from 1801 to 1809. He died on July 4, 1826, the same day as his old friend and political rival John Adams.

**April 14**


 * 1775** - In Philadelphia, the first abolition society in American was founded as the 'Society for the relief of free Negroes unlawfully held in
 * 1828 ** - The first dictionary of American English was published by Noah Webster as the //American Dictionary of the English Language//.
 * 1865 ** - President Abraham Lincoln was shot and mortally wounded while watching a performance of //Our American Cousin// at Ford's Theater in Washington. He was taken to a nearby house and died the following morning at 7:22 a.m.
 * 1939** - The John Steinbeck novel "The Grapes of Wrath" was first published.
 * 1986 ** - U.S. warplanes, on orders from President Ronald Reagan, bombed the Libyan cities of Tripoli and Benghaze in retaliation for the April 5 terrorist bombing of a discotheque in West Berlin in which two American soldiers were killed. Among the 37 person killed in the air raid was the infant daughter of Muammar al-Qaddafi, head of state.

**April 15**

1861 - Three days after the Confederate attack on fort Sumter, president Abraham Lincoln declared a state of insurrection and called out Union troops. 1865 - President Abraham Lincoln died, nine hours after being shot the night before by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington. 1945 - During World War II, British and Canadian troops liberated the Nazi concentration camp Bergen-Belsen. 1947 - Jackie Robinson, baseball's first black major league player, made his official debut with the Brooklyn Dodgers on opening day.
 * 1817 ** - The first American school for the deaf was founded by Thomas H. Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc in Hartford, Connecticut.
 * 1850 -** The city of San Francisco was incorporated.
 * 1912** - In the icy waters off Newfoundland, the luxury liner //Titanic// with 2,224 persons on board sank at 2:27 a.m. after striking an iceberg just before midnight. Over 1,500 persons drowned while 700 were rescued by the liner //Carpathia// which arrived about two hours after //Titanic// went down.

**April 16**

1879 - Saint Bernadette who described seeing visions of the Virgin Mary at Lourdes, died in Nevers, France. 1917 - Vladimir Ilyich Lenin returned to Russia after years of exile.
 * 1862 ** - Congress abolished slavery in the District of Columbia and appropriated $1 million to compensate owners of freed slaves.
 * 1995 ** - Iqbal Masih, the young boy from Pakistan who spoke out against child labor, was shot to death. At age four, he had been sold into servitude as a carpet weaver and spent the next six years shackled to a loom. At age ten, he escaped and began speaking out, attracting worldwide attention as a speaker at an international labor conference in Sweden. Iqbal Masih Web site
 * Birthday ** - American aviation pioneer Wilbur Wright (1867-1912) was born in Millville, Indiana. On December 17, 1903, along with his brother Orville, the Wright brothers made the first successful flight of a motor driven aircraft. It flew for 12 seconds and traveled 120 feet. By 1905, they built a plane that could stay airborne for half an hour, performing figure eights and other maneuvers. Wilbur died of Typhoid fever in May of 1912.
 * Birthday ** - Film comedian Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977) was born in London. He began in vaudeville and was discovered by American film producer Mack Sennett. He then went to Hollywood to make silent movies, developing the funny 'Little Tramp' film character. Chaplin's classics include //The Kid//, //The Gold Rush//, //City Lights// and //Modern Times//. In 1940, he made //The Great Dictator// poking fun at Adolf Hitler, who bore a remarkable resemblance to Chaplin. In his later years, Chaplin had a falling out with Americans, but returned in 1972 to receive a special Academy Award®. In 1975, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.

**April 17**


 * 1521 -** Martin Luther went before the Diet of Worms to face charges stemming from his religious writings. He was later declared an outlaw by Holy Roman Emporer Charles V.
 * 1524** - Giovanni da Verrazano reached present-day New York harbor.
 * 1861** - The Virginia State Convention voted to secede from the Union.
 * 1941** - Yugoslavia surrendered to Germany in World War II.
 * 1961** - Some 1,500 CIA trained Cuban exiles launched the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba.
 * 1989** - The Polish labor union Solidarity was granted legal status after nearly a decade of struggle, paving the way for the downfall of the Polish Communist Party. In the elections that followed, Solidarity candidates won 99 out of 100 parliamentary seats and eventually forced the acceptance of a Solidarity government led by Lech Walesa.
 * Birthday ** - American financier John Pierpont (J.P.) Morgan (1837-1913) was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He developed extraordinary management skills, reorganizing and consolidating a number of failing companies to make them profitable. His extensive interests included banking, steel, railroads and art collecting. In 1895, he aided the failing U.S. Treasury by carrying out a private bond sale among fellow financiers to replenish the treasury.

**April 18**


 * 1775 ** - The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere and William Dawes occurred as the two men rode out of Boston about 10 p.m. to warn patriots at Lexington and Concord of the approaching British.
 * 1906 ** - The San Francisco Earthquake struck at 5:13 a.m. followed by a massive fire from overturned wood stoves and broken gas pipes. The fire blazed for three days resulting in the destruction of over 10,000 acres of property and 4,000 lives lost.
 * 1942 ** - The first air raid on mainland Japan during World War II occurred as Gen. James Doolittle led a squadron of B-25 bombers [|taking off] from the carrier Hornet to bomb Tokyo and three other cities. Damage was minimal, but the raid boosted Allied morale following years of unchecked Japanese military advances.
 * 1949** - The Republic of Ireland was proclaimed.
 * 1978** - The U.S. Senate approved the Panama Canal Treaty, providing for the complete turnover of control of the waterway to Panama on the last day of 1999.
 * 1982 ** - Queen Elizabeth II of England signed the Canada Constitution Act of 1982 replacing the British North America Act of 1867, providing Canada with a new set of fundamental laws and civil rights.
 * 1983** - 63 people, including 17 Americans, were killed at the U.S. Embassy in Beirut by a suicide bomber,
 * Birthday ** - American attorney Clarence Darrow (1857-1938) was born in Kinsman, Ohio. He championed unpopular causes, and is best known for the Scopes 'monkey trial' in which he defended a teacher who taught the theory of evolution.

**April 19**

1897 - The first Boston Marathon was held; winner John McDermott ran the course in two hours, 55 minutes and 10 seconds. 1951 - Genral Douglas MacArthur, relieved of his Far East command by President Harry S. Truman, bid farewell in an address to Congress in which he quoted a line from a ballad: "Old soldiers never die, they just fade away." 1960 - South Korean students began an uprising that toppled the government of President Syngman Rhee a week later.
 * 1775 ** - At dawn in Massachusetts, about 70 armed militiamen stood face to face on Lexington Green with a British advance guard unit. An unordered 'shot heard around the world' began the American Revolution. A volley of British rifle fire followed by a charge with bayonets left eight Americans dead and ten wounded.
 * 1943 ** - Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto staged an armed revolt against Nazi SS troops attempting to forcibly deport them to death camps.
 * 1989 ** - Forty seven U.S. sailors were killed by an explosion in a gun turret on the USS //Iowa// during gunnery exercises in the waters off Puerto Rico.
 * 1993 ** - At Waco, Texas, the compound of the Branch Davidian religious cult burned to the ground with 82 persons inside, including 17 children. The fire erupted after federal agents battered buildings in the compound with armored vehicles following a 51 day standoff.
 * 1995 ** - At 9:02 a.m., a massive car-bomb explosion destroyed the entire side of a nine story federal building in Oklahoma City, killing 168 persons, including 19 children inside a day care center. A decorated Gulf War veteran was later convicted for the attack.

**April 20**

1980 - Cuban president Fidel Castro invited any of his countrymen who wanted to leave their country to do so, sparking the massive Mariel Boatlift from Cuba to the United States.
 * 1914** - Miners in Ludlow, Colorado, were attacked by National Guardsmen paid by the mining company. The miners were seeking recognition of their United Mine Workers Union. Five men and a boy were killed by machine gun fire while 11 children and two women burned to death as the miners' tent colony was destroyed.
 * 1940 -** RCA publicly demonstrated its new and powerful electron microscope.
 * 1971 -** The Supreme Court in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, unanimously upheld the use of busing to achieve racial desegregation in schools.
 * 1999** - The deadliest school shooting in U.S. history occurred in Littleton, Colorado, as two students armed with guns and explosives stormed into the high school at lunch time then killed 12 classmates and a teacher and wounded more than 20 other persons before killing themselves. **2010** – The Deepwater Horizon [|oil platform] [|explodes] in the [|Gulf of Mexico], killing eleven workers. The resulting [|oil spill], one of the largest in history, spreads for several months, damaging the waters and the United States coastline, and prompting international debate and doubt about the practice and procedures of [|offshore drilling].[|[][|26][|]][|[][|27][|]]
 * Birthday ** - Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria. As leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, he waged a [|war of expansion] in Europe, precipitating the deaths of an estimated 50 million persons through military conflict and through the Holocaust in which the Nazis attempted to exterminate the entire Jewish population of Europe.

**April 21**

1910 - Author Samuel Clemens, better known as Mark Twain, died in Redding, Conn., at age 74.
 * 1836 ** - The Battle of San Jacinto between Texans led by Sam Houston and Mexican forces led by Santa Anna took place near present day Houston. The Texans decisively defeated the Mexican forces thus achieving independence.
 * 1918 ** - During World War I, the Red Baron (Manfred von Richtofen) was shot down and killed during the Battle of the Somme. He was credited with 80 kills in less than two years, flying a red Fokker triplane. Allied pilots recovered his body and buried him with full military honors.

**April 22**

1954 - The publicly televised sessions of the Senate Army - McCarthy hearings began. 1970 - Millions of Americans concerned about the environment observed the first "Earth Day".
 * 1864 ** - "In God We Trust" was included on all newly minted U.S. coins by an Act of Congress.
 * 1889 ** - The Oklahoma land rush began at noon with a gunshot signaling the start of a mad dash by thousands of settlers seeking to claim part of nearly two million acres made available by the federal government. The land originally belonged to Creek and Seminole Indian tribes.
 * Birthday ** - Revolutionary leader and socialist Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) was born in Simbirsk, Russia. He was a leader of the Russian Revolution of October, 1917. Following his death in 1924, his body was embalmed and placed on display in Moscow's Red Square and was viewed by millions during the existence of the Soviet Union.

**April 23**

Established by Israel's Knesset as Holocaust Day in remembrance of the estimated six million Jews killed by Nazis. 1954 - Hank Aaron of the Milwaukee Braves hit the first of his record 755 major league home runs in a game againsts the St. Louis Cardinals. 1969 - Sirhan Sirhan was sentenced to death for assassinating New York Sen. Robert Kennedy ( the sentence was later reduced to life imprisonment). 1998 - James Earl Ray, who confessed to assassinating the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and then insisted he'd been framed, died at a Nashille hospital at age 70. 2005 - YouTube uploaded its first video, consisting of co-founder Jawed Karim in front of an elephant pen at the San Diego Zoo.
 * Birthday ** - William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was born at Stratford-on-Avon in England. Renowned as the most influential writer in the English language, he created 36 plays and 154 sonnets, including //Romeo and Juliet//, //Hamlet// and //The Merchant of Venice.//
 * Birthday ** - James Buchanan (1791-1868) the 15th U.S. President and only life-long bachelor to occupy the White House was born in Cove Gap, Pennsylvania. He served just one term from 1857 to 1861.

**April 24**

1877 - Federal troops were ordered out of New orleans, ending the North's post-Civil War rule in the South. 1898 - Spain declared war on the United States after rejecting America's ultimatum to withdraw from Cuba. 1960 - Rioting erupted in Biloxi, Miss. after black protestors staging a "wade-in" at a whites only beach were attacked by a crowd of hostile whites. 1990 - The space shuttle Discovery blasted off from Cape Canaveral, Fla., carrying the $1.5 billion Hubble Space Telescope.
 * 1800 ** - The Library of Congress was established.
 * 1915 ** - In Asia Minor during World War I, the first modern-era genocide began with the deportation of Armenian leaders from Constantinople and subsequent massacre by Young Turks. In May, deportations of all Armenians and mass murder by Turks began, resulting in the complete elimination of the Armenians from the Ottoman Empire and all of the historic Armenian homelands. Estimates vary from 800,000 to over 2,000,000 Armenians murdered.

**April 25**


 * 1507** - German cartographer Martin Waldseemueller named a huge land mass in the Western Hemisphere "America," in honor of Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci.
 * 1898** - The United States formally declared war on Spain.
 * 1945** - Delegates from 50 countries met in San Francisco to organize the United Nations.
 * 1967 ** - The first law legalizing abortion was signed by Colorado Gov. John Love, allowing abortions in cases in which a panel of three doctors unanimously agrees.
 * Birthday ** - Radio inventor Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) was born in Bologna, Italy. He pioneered the use of wireless telegraphy in the 1890s. By 1921, Marconi's invention had been developed into wireless telephony (voice radio).

**April 26**

1964 - The African nations of Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form Tanzania. 2000 Vermont Gov. Howard Dean signed the nation's first billallowing same sex couples to form civil unions. 2005 - Syriaria's 29-year military presence in Lebanon ended as Syrian soldiers completed a withdrawal brought about by international prressure and Lebanese street protests.
 * 1607 -** English colonists went ashore at present-day Cape Henry, Va., on an expedition to establish the first permanent English settlement in the Western Hemisphere.
 * 1937** - During the Spanish Civil War, the ancient town of Guernica was attacked by German warplanes. After destroying the town in a three hour bombing raid, the planes machine-gunned fleeing citizens.
 * 1944 ** - Federal troops seized the Chicago offices of Montgomery Ward and removed its chairman after his refusal to obey President Roosevelt's order to recognize a CIO union. The seizure ended when unions won an election to represent the company's workers.
 * 1986 ** - At the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine, an explosion resulted in a meltdown of the nuclear fuel and a radioactive cloud spreading into the atmosphere, eventually covering most of Europe. A 300 square mile area around the plant was evacuated. Thirty one persons were reported to have died with an additional thousand cases of cancer expected. The plant was then encased in a concrete tomb to prevent the release of further radiation.
 * 1994 ** - Multiracial elections were held for the first time in the history of South Africa. With approximately 18 million blacks voting, Nelson Mandela was elected president and F.W. de Klerk vice president.
 * Birthday ** - American artist and naturalist John J. Audubon (1785-1851) was born in Haiti. He drew lifelike illustrations of all of the birds of North America.
 * Birthday ** - Landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-1903) was born in Hertfors, Connecticut. He helped design some of the most famous parks in America including Central Park in New York, the Emerald Necklace series of connecting parks in Boston, and Yosemite National Park.
 * Birthday ** - Nazi Rudolf Hess (1894-1987) was born in Alexandria, Egypt. He was Deputy Führer of Nazi Germany and a member of Hitler's inner circle. On May 10, 1941, he made a surprise solo flight and parachuted into Scotland intending to negotiate peace with the British. However, the British promptly arrested him and confined him for the duration. Following the war, he was taken to Nuremberg and put on trial with other top Nazis. He died in captivity in 1987, the last of the major Nuremberg war criminals.

**April 27**

1805 - During The First Barbary War, an American led force of Marines and mercenaries captured the city of Derna, on the shores of Tripoli. 1810 - Ludwig van Beethoven wrote one of his most famous piano compositions, the Bagatelle in A-minor, popularly known by its reported dedication, "Fuer Elise" (for Elise).
 * 1521 -** Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan was killed by natives in the Philippines.
 * 1570** - Pope Pius V excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I.
 * 1865** - On the Mississippi River, the worst steamship disaster in U.S. History occurred as an explosion aboard the //Sultana// killing nearly 2,000 passengers, mostly Union solders who had been prisoners of war and were returning home. 2010 - [|Standard & Poor's] [|downgrades] [|Greece's] [|sovereign credit] rating to [|junk] four days after the activation of a [|€]45-billion [|EU]–[|IMF] bailout, triggering the decline of [|stock markets] worldwide and of the [|Euro's] value and furthering a [|European sovereign debt crisis].
 * Birthday ** - Telegraph inventor Samuel F.B. Morse (1791-1872) was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts. He developed the idea of an electromagnetic telegraph in the 1830s and tapped out his first message "What hath God wrought?" in 1844 on the first telegraph line, running from Washington D.C. to Baltimore. The construction of the first telegraph line was funded by Congress ($30,000) after Morse failed to get any other financial backing. After Western Union was founded in 1856, telegraph lines were quickly strung from coast to coast in America.
 * Birthday ** - U.S. Civil War General and 18th U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885) was born in Point Pleasant, Ohio. During the war, he earned the nickname "Unconditional Surrender" Grant and was given command of the Union armies. He served as President from 1869 to 1877 in an administration plagued by scandal. He then went on to write his memoirs and died in 1885, just days after completing them.

**April 28**

1967 - Heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali refused to be inducted into the Army the same day General William Westmoreland told Congress the U.S. "would prevail in Vietnam."
 * 1789 ** - On board the British ship //Bounty//, Fletcher Christian led a mutiny against Captain William Bligh, setting him and 18 loyal crew members adrift in a 23 foot open boat. Bligh survived a 47 day voyage sailing over 3,600 miles before landing on a small island. Christian sailed the //Bounty// back to Tahiti, eventually settling on Pitcairn Island and burning the ship.
 * 1945 ** - Twenty three years of Fascist rule in Italy abruptly ended as Italian partisans shot Benito Mussolini. Other leaders of the Fascist Party and friends of Mussolini were also killed along with his mistress, Clara Petacci. The bodies were then hung upside down and pelted with stones by jeering crowds in Milan.
 * Birthday ** - James Monroe (1758-1831) the 5th U.S. President was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He served two terms from 1817 to 1825 and is best known for the Monroe Doctrine which declared the U.S. would not permit any European nation to extend its holdings or use armed force in North or South America.

**April 29**


 * 1429 -** Joan of Arc entered the beseiged city of Orleans to lead a French victory over the English.
 * 1916** - The Easter Rising in Dublin collapsed as Irish nationalists surrendered to British authorities.
 * 1945** - During World War, American soldiers liberated the Dachau concentration camp.
 * 1992** - Riots erupted in Los Angeles following the announcement that a jury in Simi Valley, California, failed to convict four Los Angeles police officers accused in the videotaped beating of an African American man.
 * Birthday ** - American publisher William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951) was born in San Francisco. The son of a gold miner, in 1887 he dropped out of Harvard to take control of the failing //San Francisco Examiner// which his father had purchased. He saved the Examiner, then went to New York and bought the //New York Morning Journal// to compete with Joseph Pulitzer. Hearst's sensational style of "yellow" journalism sold unprecedented numbers of newspapers and included promoting a war with Cuba in 1897-98. He expanded into other cities and into magazine publishing, books and films. He also served in Congress and nearly became mayor of New York City.
 * Birthday ** - Japan's Emperor Hirohito (1901-1989) was born in Tokyo. In 1926, he became the 124th in a long line of monarchs and then presided over wartime Japan which was led by militarist Prime Minister Hideki Tojo. Following the dropping of two atomic bombs by the U.S., he made a radio address urging his people to stop fighting. After the war he remained as the symbolic head of state in Japan's new parliamentary government. In 1946, he renounced his divinity and then pursued his interest in marine biology, becoming a recognized authority in the subject.

**@April 30**

1803 - The United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million. 1945 - As Russian troops approached his Berlin bunker, Adolf Hitler committed suicide along with his wife of one day, Eva Braun. 1973 - President Nixon announced the resignation of top aides H.R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, along with Attorney General Richard Kleindienst and White House counsel John Dean.
 * 1789 ** - George Washington became the first U.S. President as he was administered the oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall at the corner of Wall and Broad Streets in New York.
 * 1948 ** - Palestinian Jews declared their independence from British rule and established the new state of Israel. The country became a destination for tens of thousands of Nazi Holocaust survivors and a strong U.S. ally.
 * 1967 ** - Boxer Muhammad Ali was stripped of his world heavyweight boxing championship after refusing to be inducted into the American military. He had claimed religious exemption.