May

Listed below by calendar day is a list of important events and people in US and world history.

May Page Wiki Guidelines:
 * Feel free to add important events that you feel are missing.
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Memorial Day is the last Monday in May (tribute 1, tribute 2, tribute 3) **May 1**

- Observed as May Day, a holiday and Spring festival since ancient times. It became a workers' day in the U.S. in the 1880s and is also observed in Socialist countries as a workers' holiday or Labor Day. 1787 - Mozart's opera "The Marraige of Figaro" premiered in Vienna. 1884 - Construction began on the first skyscraper, a ten-story structure in Chicago built by the #|Home Insurance Co. of New York. 1931 - New York's 102 story Empire State Building was dedicated.
 * 1707 ** - Great Britain was formed from a union between England and Scotland. The union included Wales which had already been part of England since the 1500s. The United Kingdom today consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
 * 1960 ** - A U-2 spy plane flying at 60,000 feet was shot down over Sverdlovsk in central USSR on the eve of a summit meeting between President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. The sensational incident caused cancellation of the meeting and heightened Cold War tensions. The pilot, CIA agent Francis Gary Powers, survived the crash, and was tried, convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison by a Moscow court. Two years later he was released to America in exchange for an imprisoned Soviet spy. On return to the U.S., Powers encountered a hostile public which apparently believed he should not have allowed himself to be captured alive. He died in a helicopter crash in 1977.
 * 2004 ** - Eight former Communist nations and two Mediterranean countries joined the European Union (EU) marking its largest-ever expansion. The new members included Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, along with the island of Malta and the Greek portion of the island of Cyprus. They joined 15 countries already in the EU, representing in all 450 million people.


 * 2011** – U.S. President Barack Obama announces that Osama bin Laden, the founder and leader of the militant group Al-Qaeda, has been killed during an American military operation in Pakistan.


 * Birthday ** - Irish-born American labor leader Mary 'Mother' Jones (1830-1930) was born in County Cork, Ireland. She endured misfortune early in life as her husband and four children died in the yellow fever epidemic of 1867. She also lost all of her belongings in the Chicago Fire of 1871. She then devoted herself to organizing and advancing the cause of Labor, using the slogan, "Join the Union, boys." She also sought to prohibit child labor. She remained active until the very end, giving her last speech on her 100th birthday.
 * Birthday ** - World War II General Mark Clark (1896-1984) was born in Madison Barracks, New York. He commanded the U.S. Fifth Army which invaded Italy in September of 1943, and fought a long brutal campaign against stubborn German opposition all the way up the boot of Italy.
 * Birthday ** - African American Olympic athlete Archie Williams (1915-1993) was born in Oakland, California. Williams, along with Jesse Owens, defeated German athletes at the 1936 Berlin Olympics and helped debunk Adolf Hitler's theory of Aryan racial superiority. Williams won a gold medal in the 400-meter race. After the Olympics, he went on to #|earn a mechanical #|engineering degree from the University of California-Berkeley but faced discrimination and wound up digging ditches. He later became an airplane pilot and trained Tuskegee Institute pilots including the black air corp of World War II.

**May 2**


 * 1519 -** Artist Leonardo da Vinci died at Cloux, France at age 67.
 * 1936** - "Peter and the Wolf," a symphonic tale for children by Sergei Prokfiev had its world premiere in Moscow.
 * 1957** - Sen. Joseph McCarthy, controversial Republican senator from Wisconsin, died at Bethesda Naval Hospital in Maryland.
 * Birthday** - Pope Leo XIII (1810-1903) was born in Carpino, Italy (as Gioacchino Pecci). He was elected Pope in 1878 at age 67 and lived to govern the church another 25 years, laying the foundation for modernization of Church attitudes toward a rapidly industrializing and changing world.

**May 3**


 * 1802** - Washington, D.C. was incorporated as a city.
 * 1916** - The British executed Irish nationalist Padraic Pearse and two others for their roles in the Easter Rising.
 * 1945** - During World War II, Allied forces captured Rangoon, Burma, from the Japanese.
 * 1948** - The Supreme Court, in Shelley v. Kraemer, ruled that covenants prohibiting the sale of real estate to blacks or members of other racial groups were legally unenforceable.
 * 1979** - Conservative Party leader Margaret Thatcher was chosen to become Britain's first female prime minister as the Tories ousted the Labour government in parliamentary elections.
 * 2005** - The first democratically elected government in the history of Iraq was sworn in.
 * Birthday ** - Italian writer and statesman Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) was born in Florence, Italy. He offered a blunt, realistic view of human nature and power in his works //The Prince// and //Discourses on Livy//.
 * Birthday ** - Golda Meir (1898-1978) was born in Kiev, Russia. She was one of the founders of the modern state of Israel and served as prime minister from 1969 to 1974.

**May 4**

1626 - Dutch explorer Peter Minuit landed on present-day Manhattan Island. 1932 - Mobster Al Capone, convicted of income tax evasion, entered the federal penitentiary in Atlanta.
 * 1494 ** - During his second journey of exploration in the New World, Christopher Columbus discovered Jamaica.
 * 1886 ** - The Haymarket Square Riot occurred in Chicago after 180 police officers advanced on 1,300 persons gathered in the square listening to speeches of labor activists and anarchists. A bomb was thrown. Seven police were killed and over 50 wounded. Four anarchists were then charged with conspiracy to kill, convicted and hanged while another committed suicide in jail. Three others were given lengthy jail terms.
 * 1970 ** - At Kent State University, four students - Allison Krause, 19; Sandra Lee Scheuer, 20; Jeffrey Glenn Miller, 20; and William K. Schroeder, 19 - were killed by National Guardsmen who opened fire on a crowd of 1,000 students protesting President Richard Nixon's decision to invade Cambodia. Eleven others were wounded. The shootings set off tumultuous campus demonstrations across America resulting in the temporary closing of over 450 colleges and universities.

**May 5**

**Cinco De Mayo,** a national holiday in remembrance of the Battle of Puebla in 1862, in which Mexican troops under General Ignacio Zaragoza and President Benito Juarez, outnumbered three to one, defeated the invading French forces of Napoleon III. Cinco de Mayo music by War


 * 1821** - Napolean Bonaparte, 51, died in exile on the island of St. Helena.
 * 1893 ** - The Wall Street Crash of 1893 began as stock prices fell dramatically. By the end of the year, 600 banks closed and several big railroads were in receivership. Another 15,000 businesses went bankrupt amid 20 percent unemployment. It was the worst economic crisis in U.S. history up to that time.
 * 1925** - Schoolteacher John T. Scopes was charged in Tennessee with violating a state law that prohibited teaching the theory of evolution.
 * 1960** - Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev announced his country had shot down an American U-2 plane which the U.S. claimed was conducting weather studies over Turkey. The U.S. cover story fell apart two days later when Khrushchev announced that U-2 pilot, Francis Gary Powers, had survived.
 * 2009** - America's first face transplant recipient appeared before reporters at the Cleveland Clinic. Connie Culp underwent the procedure after being shot by her husband.
 * Birthday ** - Founder of modern Communism Karl Marx (1818-1883) was born in Treves, Germany. He co-authored //Das Kapital// and //The Communist Manifesto,// advocating the abolition of all private property and a system in which workers own all the means of production, land, factories and machinery.
 * Birthday ** - Pioneering American journalist Nellie Bly (1867-1922) was born in Cochran's Mills, Pennsylvania (as Elizabeth Cochrane). She was a social reformer and human rights advocate who once posed as an inmate in an insane asylum to expose inhumane conditions. She is best known for her 1889-90 tour around the world in 72 days, beating by eight days, the time of Phileas Fogg, fictional hero of Jules Verne's novel //Around the World in Eighty Days//.

**May 6**


 * 1527 ** - The Renaissance ended with the Sack of Rome by German troops as part of an ongoing conflict between the Hapsburg Empire and the French Monarchy. German troops killed over 4,000 Romans, imprisoned the Pope, and looted works of art and libraries. An entire year passed before order could be restored in Rome.
 * 1889** - The Paris Exposition formally opened, featuring the just completed Eiffel Tower.
 * 1937 ** - The German airship Hindenburg burst into flames at 7:20 p.m. as it neared the mooring mast at Lakehurst, New Jersey, following a trans-Atlantic voyage. Thirty six of the 97 passengers and crew were killed. The inferno was caught on film and also witnessed by a commentator who broke down amid the emotional impact and exclaimed, "Oh, the humanity!" The accident effectively ended commercial airship traffic.
 * 1954** - Medical student Roger Bannister broke the four-minute mile during a track meet in Oxford, England, in three minutes, 59.4 seconds.
 * 1960** - President Dwight D. eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1960.
 * Birthday ** - Founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was born in Freiberg, Moravia. His theories became the foundation for treating psychiatric disorders by psychoanalysis and offered some of the first workable cures for mental disorders.
 * Birthday ** - Explorer Robert E. Peary (1856-1920) was born in Cresson, Pennsylvania. He organized and led eight Arctic expeditions and reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. In another expedition, he proved Greenland is an island. He also proved the polar ice cap extends beyond 82° north latitude, and discovered the Melville meteorite.

**May 7**

1984 - A $180 million out-of-court settlement was announced in the Agent Orange class-action suit brought by Vietnam veterans who charged they'd suffered injury from exposure to the defoilant. 2000 - President Vladimir Putin took the oath of office in Russia's first democratic transfer of power.
 * 1915 ** - The British passenger ship Lusitania carrying 2,000 passengers was torpedoed by a German submarine off the coast of Ireland, losing 1,198 of its 1,924 passengers, including 114 Americans. The attack hastened neutral America's entry into World War I. Previous to the attack, the German ambassador had issued a warning printed in New York newspapers that it was unwise to travel on ships entering a war zone carrying cargoes vital to the Allies.
 * 1945 ** - In a small red brick schoolhouse in Reims, Germany, Field Marshall Alfred Jodl signed the unconditional surrender of all German fighting forces thus ending World War II in Europe. Russian, American, British and French ranking officers observed the signing of the document which became effective at one minute past midnight on May 9, 1945. Jodl was then ushered in to see Supreme Allied Commander, Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, who curtly asked Jodl if he fully understood the document. Eisenhower then informed Jodl that he would be held personally responsible for any deviation from the terms of the surrender. Jodl was then ushered away.
 * 1954 ** - The French Indochina War ended with the fall of Dien Bien Phu, marking Vietnam's victory over French colonial forces which were then forced to withdraw from northern Vietnam. The country was later divided at the 17th parallel, with South Vietnam created in 1955.
 * Birthday ** - Composer Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) was born in Hamburg, Germany. He composed over 300 songs and numerous orchestral, choral, piano, and chamber works, including his //German Requiem// commemorating the death of his mother.
 * Birthday ** - American poet Archibald MacLeish (1892-1982) was born in Glencoe, Illinois. He was awarded three Pulitzer Prizes, and was also a playwright, editor, lawyer, professor, farmer, and served as Librarian of Congress from 1939 to 1944.

**May 8**

on August 9. The next day, Japan sued for peace. Truman served as President until January of 1953. He was the last of nine U.S. Presidents who did not attend college. His straightforward, honest, no-nonsense style earned him the nickname, "Give 'em hell, Harry."
 * 1541 -** Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto reached the Mississippi River.
 * 1794 -** Antoine Lavoisier, the father of modern chemistry, was executed on the guillotine during France's Reign of Terror.
 * 1846 -** The first major battle of the Mexican-American War was fought at Palo Alto, Texas. U.S. forces led by Gen. Zachary Taylor were able to beat back the Mexican forces.
 * 1942** - During World War II in the Pacific, the Battle of the Coral Sea began in which Japan would suffer its first defeat of the war. The battle, fought off New Guinea, marked the first time in history that two opposing carrier forces fought only using aircraft without the opposing ships ever sighting each other.
 * 1945 ** - After Soviet leader Joseph Stalin refused to recognize the German surrender document signed at Reims, a second signing ceremony was held in Berlin. During the elaborate ceremony, German General Wilhelm Keitel signed the second surrender document which declared, as did the first, that hostilities would end as of 12:01 a.m. on May 9.
 * 1973** - Militant American Indians who'd held the South Dakota hamlet of Wounded Knee for 10 weeks surrendered.
 * Birthday ** - International Red Cross founder and Nobel Prize winner Henri Dunant (1828-1910) was born in Geneva, Switzerland. He was also a founder of the YMCA and organized the Geneva Conventions of 1863 and 1864.
 * Birthday ** - Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) the 33rd U.S. President was born in Lamar, Missouri. He became president upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in April of 1945. Two weeks after becoming president he was informed of the top secret atomic bomb project. In the war against Japan, an Allied invasion of Japan was being planned which would cost a minimum of 250,000 American lives. Truman then authorized the dropping of the bomb. On August 6, 1945, the atom bomb exploded over Hiroshima, followed by a second bomb

**May 9**

- Victory Day in Russia, a national holiday commemorating the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II and honoring 20 million Soviets who died in the war. 1994 - South Africa's newly elected parliament chose Nelson Mandela to be the country's first black president.
 * 1862 ** - During the U.S. Civil War, Gen. David Hunter, Union commander of the Department of the South, issued orders freeing the slaves in South Carolina, Florida and Georgia. He did so without congressional or presidential approval. The orders were countermanded by President Abraham Lincoln ten days later.
 * Birthday ** - Abolitionist leader John Brown (1800-1859) was born in Torrington, Connecticut. He led an attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in October of 1859, to secure weapons for his "army of emancipation" to liberate slaves. Inside the arsenal, Brown and his followers held 60 hostages and managed to hold out against the local militia but finally surrendered to U.S. Marines under the command of Col. Robert E. Lee. Ten of Brown's men, including two of his sons, were killed. Brown was taken prisoner. He was convicted by the Commonwealth of Virginia of treason, murder, and inciting slaves to rebellion, and hanged on December 2, 1859.

**May 10**


 * 1775 -** Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys, along with Col. Benedict Arnold, captured the British-held fortress at Ticonderoga, N.Y.
 * 1865** - Union forces captured Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Irwinville, GA.
 * 1869** - The newly constructed tracks of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railways were first linked at Promontory Point, Utah. A golden spike was driven by Leland Stanford, president of the Central Pacific, to celebrate the linkage. It is said that he missed the spike on his first swing which brought roars of laughter from men who had driven many thousands of spikes themselves.
 * 1889 ** - A riot erupted outside the Astor Place Opera House in New York as British actor William Charles Macready performed inside. Angry crowds revolted against dress requirements for admission and against Macready's public statements on the vulgarity of American life. The mob then shattered theater windows. Troops were called out and ordered to fire, killing 22 and wounding 26.
 * 1924** - J. Edgar Hoover was given the job of FBI director.
 * 1933** - The Nazis staged massive public book burnings in Germany.
 * 1994 ** - Former political prisoner Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as president of South Africa. Mandela had won the first free election in South Africa despite attempts by various political foes to deter the outcome.

**May 11**

1973 - Charges against Daniel Ellsberg for his role in the "Pentagon Papers" case were dismissed by Judge William M. Byrne, who cited government misconduct.
 * 1502 -** Christopher Columbus left Cadiz, Spain, on his fourth and final trip to the Western Hemisphere.
 * 1862** - To prevent its capture by Union forces advancing in Virginia, the Confederate Ironclad //Merrimac// was destroyed by the Confederate Navy. In March, the //Merrimac// had fought the Union Ironclad Monitor to a draw. Naval warfare was thus changed forever, making wooden ships obsolete.
 * 1969 ** - During the Vietnam War, the Battle of "Hamburger Hill" began. While attempting to seize the Dong Ap Bia mountain, U.S. troops repeatedly scaled the hill over a 10-day period and engaged in bloody hand-to-hand combat with the North Vietnamese. After finally securing the objective, American military staff decided to abandon the position, which the North Vietnamese retook shortly thereafter. The battle highlighted the futility of the American military strategy.
 * Birthday ** - Songwriter Irving Berlin (1888-1989) was born (as Israel Isidore Baline) in Tyumen, Russia. At the age of four, Berlin moved with his family to New York and later began singing in saloons and on street corners to help his family following the death of his father. Although he could not read or write musical notation, he became one of America's greatest songwriters, best known for songs such as //God Bless America, White Christmas, There's No Business Like Show Business//, //Alexander's Ragtime Band//, //Puttin' On the Ritz//, and //Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning//.
 * Birthday ** - Modern dance pioneer Martha Graham (1893-1991) was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She began her dance career at age 22 in the Greenwich Village Follies. She later incorporated primal emotions and ancient rituals in her works, bringing a new psychological depth to modern dance. In a career spanning 70 years, she created 180 dance works. She performed until the age of 75.

**May 12**


 * 1937 ** - George VI was crowned at Westminster Abbey in London, following the abdication of his brother, Edward VIII. King George reigned until his death in 1952. He was succeeded by his daughter Elizabeth, the current reigning monarch.
 * 1949 ** - The Soviet Union lifted its blockade of Berlin. The blockade began on June 24, 1948 and resulted in the Berlin airlift. For 462 days - from June 26, 1948, until September 30, 1949, American and British planes flew about 278,000 flights, delivering 2.3 million tons of food, coal and medical supplies to two million isolated West Berliners. A plane landed in Berlin every minute from 11 Allied staging areas in West Germany. The planes were nicknamed candy bombers after pilots began tossing sweets to children. They also flew out millions of dollars worth of products manufactured in West Berlin.
 * 1978 -** The U.S. Commerce Department said hurricanes would no longer be given only female names.
 * Birthday** - English nurse and public health activist Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) was born in Florence, Italy. She volunteered to aid British troops in Turkey where she improved hospital sanitary conditions and greatly reduced the death rate for wounded and sick soldiers. She received worldwide acclaim for her unselfish devotion to nursing, contributed to the development of modern nursing procedures, and emphasized the dignity of nursing as a profession for women.

**May 13**


 * 1607 -** English colonists arrived by ship at the site of what became the Jamestown settlement in Virginia (the colonists went ashore the next day.
 * 1846** - At the request of President James K. Polk, Congress declared war on Mexico. The controversial struggle eventually cost the lives of 11,300 U.S. soldiers and resulted in the annexation of lands that became parts of Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California, Utah and Colorado. The war ended in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
 * 1943 ** - During World War II in North Africa, over 250,000 Germans and Italians surrendered in the last few days of the Tunis campaign. British Gen. Harold Alexander then telegraphed news of the victory to Winston Churchill, who was in Washington attending a war conference. The victory re-opened Allied shipping lanes in the Mediterranean.
 * 1981 ** - Pope John Paul II was shot twice at close range while riding in an open automobile in St. Peter's Square in Rome. Two other persons were also wounded. An escaped terrorist, already under sentence of death for the murder of a Turkish journalist, was immediately arrested and was later convicted of attempted murder. The Pope recovered and later held a private meeting with the would-be assassin and then publicly forgave him.

May 14

1998 - Frank Sinatra died at a Los Angeles hospital at age 82.
 * 1607 ** - The first permanent English settlement in America was established at Jamestown, Virginia, by a group of royally chartered Virginia Company settlers from Plymouth, England.
 * 1804 ** - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark departed St. Louis on their expedition to explore the Northwest. They arrived at the Pacific coast of Oregon in November of 1805 and returned to St. Louis in September of 1806, completing a journey of about 6,000 miles.
 * 1796 ** - Smallpox vaccine was developed by Dr. Edward Jenner, a physician in rural England. He coined the term vaccination for the new procedure of injecting a milder form of the disease into a healthy persons resulting in immunity. Within 18 months, 12,000 people in England had been vaccinated and the number of smallpox deaths dropped by two-thirds.
 * 1942 ** - During World War II, an Act of Congress allowed women to enlist for noncombat duties in the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC), the Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service (WAVES), Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS), and Semper Paratus Always Ready Service (SPARS), the Women's Reserve of the Marine Corp.
 * Birthday ** - German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) was born in Danzig, Germany. He introduced the use of mercury in thermometers and greatly improved their accuracy. His name is now attached to one of the major temperature measurement scales.
 * Birthday ** - English landscape and portrait painter Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788) was born in Sudbury, Suffolk, England. Among his best known works: //The Blue Boy//, //The Watering Place// and //The Market Cart//.

**May 15**

1911 - The U.S. Supreme Court ordered the breakup of Standard Oil Co., ruling it was a monopoly in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. 1948 - Hours after declaring its independence, the new state of Israel was attacked by Transjordan, Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Lebanon.
 * 1972 ** - George Wallace was shot while campaigning for the U.S. presidency in Laurel, Maryland. As a result, Wallace was permanently paralyzed from the waist down.

**May 16**

1868 - The Senate failed by one vote to convict President Andrew Johnson as it took its first ballot on the eleven articles of impeachment against him. 1929 - The first Academy Awards were presented. The movie "Wings" won "best production". 1939 - The government began its first food stamp program in Rochester, N.Y.
 * 1856 -** Congress authorized minting of the first five-cent piece, also known as the "Shield nickel".
 * 1862** - During the U.S. Civil War, Union Gen. Benjamin Butler, military governor of New Orleans, issued his "Woman Order" stating that any southern woman showing disrespect for Union soldiers or the U.S. would be regarded as a woman of the town, or prostitute. This and other controversial acts by Butler set the stage for his dismissal as military governor in December of 1862.

May 17

1973 - The Senate began its televised hearings into the Watergate scandal. 2000 - Two former Ku Klux Klansmen were arrested on murder charges in the 1963 church bombing in Birmingham, Ala. that killed four black girls. 2004 - Massachusetts became the first state to allow legal same-sex marraiges.
 * 1792 ** - Two dozen merchants and brokers established the New York Stock Exchange. In good weather they operated under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street. In bad weather they moved inside to a coffeehouse to conduct business.
 * 1875 ** - The first Kentucky Derby horse race took place at Churchill Downs in Louisville.
 * 1954 ** - In Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that segregation of public schools "solely on the basis of race" denies black children "equal educational opportunity" even though "physical facilities and other 'tangible' factors may have been equal. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Thurgood Marshall had argued the case before the Court. He went to become the first African American appointed to the Supreme Court.

**May 18**

1896 - The U.S. Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson, endorsed "seperate but equal" racial segragation, a concept renounced 58 years later with the Brown v. Board of Education of Toipeka decision. 2009 - President Barack Obama told Israeli leader Benjamin Netanyahu during a White House meeting he needed to stop Jewish settlements and should grasp a "historic opportunity " to make peace with the Palestinians.
 * 1804 ** - Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of France, snatching the crown from the hands of Pope Pius VII during the actual coronation ceremony, and then crowning himself.
 * 1980 ** - Mount St. Helens volcano erupted in southwestern Washington State spewing steam and ash over 11 miles up into the sky. This was the first major eruption since 1857.
 * 1998 ** - In one of the biggest antitrust lawsuits of the 20th century, American software giant Microsoft Corporation was sued by the U.S. Federal government and 20 state governments charging the company with using unfair tactics to crush competition and restrict choice for consumers. The lawsuits alleged Microsoft used illegal practices to deny personal computer owners the benefits of a free and competitive market and also alleged Microsoft extended its monopoly on operating systems to "develop a chokehold" on the Internet browser software market.
 * Birthday ** - Hollywood director Frank Capra (1897-1991) was born in Palermo, Sicily. His quintessential American films were affectionate portrayals of the common man and examined the strengths and foibles of American democracy. Best known for //It's a Wonderful Life// (1946), //Mr. Smith Goes to Washington// (1939), //It Happened One Night// (1934) and //You Can't Take It with You// (1938).
 * Birthday ** - Pope John Paul II was born (as Karol Wojtyla) in Wadowice, Poland, May 18, 1920. In 1978, he became 264th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, the first non-Italian elected in 456 years and the first Polish Pope.

**May 19**


 * 1921 -** Congress passed and President Warren G. Harding signed the Emergency Quota Act, which established national quotas for immigrants.
 * 1930** - The 27th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, prohibiting Congress from giving itself pay raises.
 * 1935** - British Army officer T.E. Lawrence, also known as Lawrence of Arabia, died in Dorset, England six days after a motorcycle crash.
 * 1943 ** - Royal Air Force bombers successfully attacked dams in the German Ruhr Valley using innovative ball-shaped bouncing bombs that skipped along the water and exploded against the dams. The dams had provided drinking water for 4 million people and supplied 75% of the electrical power for industry in the area.
 * Birthday ** - Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) was born in the central Vietnamese village of Kim Lien (as Nguyen That Thanh). In 1930, he organized the Indo-Chinese Communist party and later adopted the name Ho Chi Minh, meaning "he who enlightens." In 1945, he proclaimed the independence of Vietnam and served as president of North Vietnam from 1945 to 1969. He led the longest and most costly 20th-century war against the French and later the Americans. On April 29, 1975, six years after his death, the last Americans left South Vietnam. The next day the city of Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City.
 * Birthday ** - Black nationalist and civil rights activist Malcolm X (1925-1965) was born in Omaha, Nebraska (as Malcolm Little). While in prison he adopted the Islamic religion and after his release in 1952, changed his name to Malcolm X and worked for the Nation of Islam. He later made a pilgrimage to Mecca and became an orthodox Muslim. He was assassinated while addressing a meeting in the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem on February 21, 1965.
 * Birthday ** - African American playwright Lorraine Hansberry (1930-1965) was born in Chicago, Illinois. She is best known for //A Raisin in the Sun// (1959) a play dealing with prejudice and black pride. The play was the first stage production written by a black woman to appear on Broadway. She died of cancer at the age of 34. A book of her writings entitled //To Be Young, Gifted, and Black// was published posthumously.

**May 20**


 * 325 A.D. ** - The Council of Nicaea, the first ecumenical council of Catholic Church was called by Constantine I, first Christian Emperor of the Roman Empire. With nearly 300 bishops in attendance at Nicaea in Asia Minor, the council condemned Arianism which denied Christ's divinity, formulated the Nicene Creed and fixed the date of Easter.
 * 1506 -** Explorer Christopher Columbus died in Spain.
 * 1862** - President Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act opening millions of acres of government owned land in the West to "homesteaders" who could acquire up to 160 acres by living on the land and cultivating it for five years, paying just $1.25 per acre.
 * 1902** - The United States ended a three-year military presence in Cuba as the Republic of Cuba was established under its first elected president, Tomas Estrada Palma.
 * 1927 ** - Charles Lindbergh, a 25-year-old aviator, took off at 7:52 a.m. from Roosevelt Field, Long Island, in the //Spirit of St. Louis// attempting to win a $25,000 prize for the first solo nonstop flight between New York City and Paris. Thirty three hours later, after a 3,600 mile journey, he landed at Le Bourget, Paris, earning the nickname "Lucky Lindy" and becoming an instant worldwide hero.
 * 1932 ** - Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic. She departed Newfoundland, Canada, at 7 p.m. and landed near Londonderry, Ireland, completing a 2,026-mile flight in about 13 hours. Five years later, along with her navigator Fred Noonan, she disappeared while trying to fly her twin-engine plane around the equator.
 * Birthday ** - Founder of modern Zionism Theodore Herzl (1860-1904) was born in Budapest, Hungary. He advocated the establishment of a new land for the Jews rather than assimilation into various, historically anti-Semitic, countries and cultures.

**May 21**

1832 - The first Democratic National Convention got under way in Baltimore. 1979 - Former San Francisco City Supervisor Dan White was convicted of voluntary manslaughter in the slayings of Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk; outrage over the verdict sparked rioting (White was sentenced to seven years and eight months in prison).
 * 1881 ** - The American Red Cross was founded by Clara Barton. The organization today provides volunteer disaster relief in the U.S. and abroad. Community services include collecting and distributing donated blood, and teaching health and safety classes.
 * 1991 ** - Former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in the midst of a re-election campaign, killed by a bomb hidden in a bouquet of flowers. He had served as prime minister from 1984 to 1989, succeeding his mother, Indira Gandhi, who was assassinated in 1984.
 * Birthday ** - Soviet physicist and human rights activist Andrei Sakharov (1921-1989) was born in Moscow. Although he helped construct the first Soviet atomic and hydrogen bombs, he later denounced the Soviet government and was exiled from 1980 to 1986. He was instrumental in formulating the restructuring concept known as perestroika and in encouraging glasnost (freedom).

**May 22**

1960 - An earthquake of magnitude 9.5, the strongest on record, struck southern Chile. According to the U.S. Geological Survey website, the quake claimed approximately 1,655 lives, injured 3,000 people, left 2 million homeless and caused $550 million worth of damage.
 * 1860 -** The United States and Japan exchanged ratifications of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce during a #|ceremony in Washington.
 * 1968** - The nuclear powered submarine USS Scorpion, with 99 men aboard, sank in the Atlantic Ocean (the remains of the sub were later found on the ocean floor 400 miles southwest of the Azores).
 * 1972** - President Richard Nixon became the first American president to visit Moscow. Four days later, Nixon and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev signed a pact pledging to freeze nuclear arsenals at current levels.
 * 1947 ** - Congress approved the Truman Doctrine, assuring U.S. support for Greece and Turkey to prevent the spread of Communism.
 * Birthday ** - German composer Richard Wagner (1813-1883) was born in Leipzig, Germany. He made revolutionary changes in the structure of opera and is best known for //The Ring of the Nibelung//, a series of operas based on old German myths which include: //DAs Rheingold, Die Walkure, Siegfried,// and //Gotterdammerung.//
 * Birthday ** - Sherlock Holmes creator Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930) was born at Edinburgh, Scotland. He was also deeply interested in and lectured on spiritualism.
 * Birthday ** - Laurence Olivier (1907-1989) was born in Dorking, England. Considered one of the most influential actors of this century, he was honored with nine Academy Award nominations, three Oscars, five Emmy awards, and a host of others. His repertoire included most of the major Shakespearean roles, and films such as //The Entertainer,// //Rebecca, Pride and Prejudice, The Boys from Brazil, Marathon Man and Wuthering Heights.// He was knighted in 1947 and made a peer of the throne in 1970.

**May 23**


 * 1430 -** Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundians, who sold her to the English.
 * 1934** - Bank robbers Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker were shot to death in a police ambush in Bienville Parish, La.
 * 1945** - Nazi officer Heinrich Himmler committed suicide while imprisoned in Luneburg, Germany.
 * 1949** - The Federal Reupblic of Germany (West Germany) was established.
 * 1960** - Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion announced the capture of former Nazi official Adolf Eichmann who'd been hiding in Argentina
 * 1984** - Surgeon General C. Everett Koop issued a report saying there was "very solid" evidence linking cigarette smoke to lung disease in nonsmokers.
 * Birthday** - Journalist Margaret Fuller (1810-1850) was born in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts. She became the first American woman to serve as a foreign correspondent, reporting for the //New York Tribune//. Her book //Women in the Nineteenth Century,// published in 1845, is considered the first feminist statement by an American writer, and brought her international acclaim. Sailing from Italy to the U.S. In 1850, she died, along with her husband and infant son, in a shipwreck off Fire Island, New York.
 * Birthday ** - The first American female attorney Arabella Mansfield (1846-1911) was born near Burlington, Iowa (as Belle Aurelia Babb). She was certified in 1869 as an attorney and admitted to the Iowa bar, but never practiced law. Instead she chose a career as a college educator and administrator. She was also instrumental in the founding of the Iowa Suffrage Society in 1870.

**May 24**

1883 - The Brooklyn Bridge, linking Brooklyn and Manhattan, was dedicated by President Chester Alan Arthur and New York Gov. Grover Cleveland, and opened to traffic. 1935 - The first major league baseball game to be played at night took place at Cincinnati's Crosley Field as the Reds beat the Philadephia Phillies 2 - 1.
 * 1844 ** - Telegraph inventor Samuel Morse sent the first official telegraph message "What hath God wrought?" from the Capitol building in Washington to Baltimore.
 * 1881 ** - A boating disaster occurred in Canada as //Victoria//, a small, double-decked stern-wheeler carrying over 600 passengers on the Thames River keeled over then sank, killing 182 persons.

**May 25**

1895 - Playwright Oscar Wilde was convicted of a morals charge in London and sentenced to two years in prison. 1935 - Babe Ruth hit his 714th and final home run of his career for the Boston Braves, in a game against the Pittsburg Pirates. 1946 - Transjordan (now Jordan) became a kingdom as it proclaimed its new monarch, Abdullah I. 1961 - President John F. Kennedy, addressing Congress, called on the nation to work toward putting a man on the moon by the end of the decade. 1968 - Vice President Hubert Humphrey dedicated the Gateway Arch in St. Louis. 1985 - More than 11,000 people were killed as a cyclone and tidal surge devastated Bangladesh.
 * May 25 ** - Memorial Day in the U.S., also called Decoration Day for the tradition of decorating soldiers' graves with flowers. The observance dates from Civil War years, with the first documented observance on May 5, 1865.
 * 1787 ** - The Constitutional Convention began in Philadelphia with delegates from seven states forming a quorum.
 * 1994 ** - After 20 years in exile, Russian author Alexander Solzhenitsyn returned to his homeland. He had been expelled from the Soviet Union in 1974 after his three-volume work exposing the Soviet prison camp system, //The Gulag Archipelago//, was published in the West.
 * Birthday ** - American author and philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His works included: //Nature// (1836), //Essays, First Series// (1841), //Essays, Second Series// (1844), //Poems// (1847, 1865), //Representative Men// (1850), //English Traits// (1856), //The Conduct of Life// (1860), and //Society and Solitude// (1870).

**May 26**


 * 1868 -** The impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson ended with his acquittal.
 * 1908** - The first major oil strike in the Middle East occurred in Masjid-i-Suleiman, Persia (Iran).
 * 1940** - The Dunkirk evacuation began to save the British Expeditionary Force [|trapped] by advancing German armies on the northern coast of France. Boats and vessels of all shapes and sizes ferried 200,000 British and 140,000 French and Belgian soldiers across the English Channel by June 2.
 * 2005** - Investigators confirmed five cases in which military personnel mishandled the Qurans of Muslim prisoners at Guantanamo Bay, but said they found no "credible evidence" that a holy book was flushed in a toilet.
 * 2009** - U.S. President Barack Obama nominates Sonia Sotomayor to the Supreme Court. She is confirmed by the Senate and becomes the court's first Hispanic member.
 * Birthday** - Interpretive dancer Isadora Duncan (1878-1927) was born in San Francisco. She revolutionized the entire concept of dance by developing a free-form style and rebelled against tradition, performing barefoot in a loose fitting tunic. She experienced worldwide acclaim as well as personal tragedy. Her two children drowned, her marriage failed, and she met a bizarre death in 1927 when a scarf she was wearing caught in the wheel of the open car in which she was riding, strangling her.
 * Birthday ** - Actor, singer Al Jolson (1886-1950) was born in St. Petersburg, Russia (as Asa Yoelson). One of the premier American vaudeville entertainers of his day, he appeared in the first motion picture with full sound, //The Jazz Singer,// in 1927.

**May 27**

1941 - Amid rising world tensions, President Franlin D. Roosevelt proclaimed an "unlimited national emergency". The British Navy sank the German battleship Bismarck off France, with the loss of more than 2,000 lives.
 * 1937 ** - In San Francisco, 200,000 people celebrated the grand opening of the Golden Gate Bridge by strolling across it.
 * Birthday ** - Legendary Wild West figure Wild Bill Hickok (1837-1876) was born in Troy Grove, Illinois. He was a frontiersman, lawman, legendary marksman, army scout and gambler. On August 2, 1876, he was shot dead during a poker game by a drunk in the Number Ten saloon in Deadwood, in the Dakota territory. In his hand he held a pair of eights and a pair of aces which became known as 'dead man's hand.'
 * Birthday ** - American politician Hubert H. Humphrey (1911-1978) was born in Wallace, South Dakota. Humphrey was a mainstay of liberal Democratic politics, champion of civil rights, and was considered by political friends and foes alike to be a truly decent man. He served as vice president under Lyndon Johnson. In 1968, Humphrey was the Democratic candidate for president, but lost to Republican Richard Nixon in a very close race.

**May 28**


 * 1863 -** The 54th Masachusetts Volunteer Infantry, made up of freed blacks, left Boston to fight for the Union in the Civil War.
 * 1892** - The Sierra Club was organized in San Francisco.
 * 1929** - The first all-color talking picture, "On With the Show," opened in New York.
 * 1961** - Amnesty International was founded by London lawyer Peter Berenson. He read about the arrest of a group of students in Portugal then launched a one-year campaign to free them called Appeal for Amnesty. Today Amnesty International has over a million members in 150 countries working to free prisoners of conscience, stop torture and the death penalty, and guarantee human rights for women.
 * Birthday ** - William Pitt the Younger (1759-1806) was born at Hayes, Kent, England. Following in his father's footsteps, he became British prime minister at age 24 and served from 1783 to 1801 and again from 1804 to 1806. Pitt was influenced by Adam Smith's economic theories and reduced England's large national debt brought on by the American Revolution.
 * Birthday ** - All-around athlete Jim Thorpe (1888-1953) was born near Prague, Oklahoma. He won the pentathlon and decathlon events at the 1912 Olympic Games and also played professional baseball and football.

**May 29**


 * 1453 ** - The city of Constantinople was captured by the Turks, who renamed it Istanbul. This marked the end of the Byzantine Empire as Istanbul became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.
 * 1660 ** - The English monarchy was restored with Charles II on the throne after several years of a Commonwealth under Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell.
 * 1765** - Patrick Henry denounced the Stamp Act before Virginia's House of Burgesses.
 * 1787 ** - At the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia the Virginia Plan was proposed calling for a new government consisting of a legislature with two houses, an executive chosen by the legislature and a judicial branch.
 * 1790** - Rhode Island became the 13th original colony to ratify the United States Constitution.
 * 1865 ** - Following the U.S. Civil War, President Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation granting general amnesty to Confederates. The amnesty excluded high ranking Confederates and large property owners, who had to apply individually to the President for a pardon. Following an oath of allegiance, all former property rights, except slaves, were returned to the former owners.
 * 1943** - Norman Rockwell's portrait of "Rosie the Riveter" appeared on the cover of the Saturday Evening Post.
 * 1953** - Mount Everest was conquered as Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay of Nepal became the first climbers to reach the summit.
 * Birthday ** - American revolutionary leader Patrick Henry (1736-1799) was born in Studley, Virginia. He is best remembered for his speech in 1775 declaring: "I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death."
 * Birthday ** - German historian Oswald Spengler (1880-1936) was born in Blankenburg-am-Harz, Germany. He authored the influential book //The Decline of the West// which argued that civilizations rise and fall in regular cycles.
 * Birthday ** - John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-1963) the 35th U.S. President was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was the youngest man ever elected to the presidency and the first Roman Catholic. He was assassinated in Dallas, November 22, 1963, the fourth U.S. President to killed by an assassin.

**May 30**


 * 1431 -** Joan of Arc, condemned as a heretic, was burned at the stake in Rouen, France.
 * 1783** - The Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first daily newspaper published in America.
 * 1922 ** - The Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. was dedicated. The Memorial was designed by architect Henry Bacon and features a compelling statue of "Seated Lincoln" by sculptor Daniel Chester French.
 * 1943 ** - During World War II in the Pacific, the Aleutian Islands off the coast of Alaska were retaken by the U.S. 7th Infantry Division. The battle began on May 12 when an American force of 11,000 landed on Attu. In three weeks of fighting U.S. casualties numbered 552 killed and 1,140 wounded. Japanese killed numbered 2,352, with only 28 taken prisoner, as 500 chose suicide rather than be captured.
 * Birthday ** - Founder of the Russian empire Peter the Great (1672-1725) was born near Moscow. He vastly increased the power of the Russian monarchy and turned his backward country into a major power in the Western world. Among his accomplishments, he completely overhauled the government and the Greek Orthodox Church as well as the military system and tax structure. He built St. Petersburg, established printing presses and published translations of foreign books, modernized the calendar, simplified the Russian alphabet and introduced Arabic numerals. He died at age 52 and was succeeded by his wife Catherine.

**May 31**

1910 - The Union of South Africa was founded. 2004 - Breaking a silence of 30 years, former FBI official W. Mark Felt stepped forward as "Deep Throat." the secret Washington Post source that helped bring down President Richard Nixon during the Watergate scandal. 2009 - Dr. George Tiller, a rare provider of late-term abortions, was shot and killed in a Wichita, Kan. church. Gunman Scott Roeder was later convicted and sentenced to life in prison.
 * 1862 ** - During the U.S. Civil War, the Battle of Seven Pines occurred as Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's Army attacked Union Gen. George McClellan's troops in front of Richmond Virginia and nearly defeated them. Johnston was badly wounded. Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee then assumed command, replacing the wounded Johnston. Lee renamed his force the Army of Northern Virginia.
 * 1889 ** - Over 2,300 persons were killed in the Johnstown flood in Pennsylvania. Heavy rains throughout May caused the Connemaugh River Dam to burst sending a wall of water 75 feet high pouring down upon the city.
 * Birthday ** - American poet Walt Whitman (1819-1892) was born in Long Island, New York. His poem //Leaves of Grass// is considered an American classic. His poetry celebrated modern life and took on subjects considered taboo at the time.